![]() (b) In generating a three-dimensional structure, a rotationally symmetric geometry can create a pseudopotential which is confining in three dimensions. (a) The most basic geometry, of which all others are a variation, comprises perfectly hyperbolic electrodes, capable of creating a perfectly quadrupolar field. In so doing it provides a framework for future investigations of surface-noise processes. It is thus the purpose of this review to assess which conclusions can be reasonably drawn from the existing data, and which important questions are still open. This reveals that the presence of multiple noise sources, as well as the different scalings added by geometrical considerations, complicates the interpretation of these results. This paper provides an extensive summary and critical review of electric-field noise measurements in ion traps and compares these experimental findings with known and conjectured mechanisms for the origin of this noise. Over recent years numerous experiments have reported spectral densities of electric-field noise inferred from ion heating-rate measurements and several different theoretical explanations for the observed noise characteristics have been proposed. Laser-cooled, trapped ions provide one of the most sensitive systems to probe electric-field noise at MHz frequencies and over a distance range 30 − 3000 μ m from a surface. There are multiple mechanisms by which such noise is generated, many of which are poorly understood. Electric-field noise near surfaces is a common problem in diverse areas of physics and a limiting factor for many precision measurements. ![]()
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